The movement of Julius Caesar’s forces over the Rubicon into Italy in 49 bc violated the law (the Lex Cornelia Majestatis) that forbade a general to lead an army out of the province to which he was assigned. Generals were thus obliged to disband their armies before entering Italy. We will now be performing system maintenance in Augustus from Saturday May 31 2017 4:00 PM to May 31 2017 11:00 PM (EST). Furthermore, obeying the commands of a general who did not legally possess imperium was a capital offence. The Latin word Rubico comes from the adjective rubeus, meaning "red". [2] The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" has survived to refer to any individual or group committing itself irrevocably to a risky or revolutionary course of action, similar to the modern phrase "passing the point of no return". For this reason, and to supply fields with water after the revival of agriculture in the late Middle Ages, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, hydraulic works were built to prevent other floods and to regulate streams. The movement of Julius Caesar’s forces over the Rubicon into Italy in 49 bc violated the law (the Lex Cornelia Majestatis) that forbade a general to lead an army out of the province to which he was assigned. The Rubicon was crossed and Caesar officially invaded the legal border from his province into Italy, thus starting the civil war. Exercising imperium when forbidden by the law was a capital offence. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. Rubicon, Latin Rubico, or Rubicon, small stream that separated Cisalpine Gaul from Italy in the era of the Roman Republic. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a much wider and more important waterway, which flows westward from the Apennine Mountains (it and the Rubicon rise not far from each other) into the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Caesar had been appointed to a governorship over a region that ranged from southern Gaul to Illyricum (but not Italy). This page was last edited on 12 August 2020, at 11:39. Caesar's subsequent victory in Caesar's civil war ensured that punishment for the infraction would never be rendered. Pompey, the Republic's hope, was left without his main army, which was still in Spain, and his support base was in the eastern provinces.
"Rubico" redirects here. Fully aware of the momentous nature of his decision, Caesar ignored the warning and began to march south on Rome. Omissions? As a result of this work, these rivers started to flow in straight courses, as they do today. The Rubicon is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Gaius Oppius, Lucius Cornelius Balbus and Servius Sulpicius Rufus on the night after his crossing. Today, the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is a metaphor that means to pass a point of no return. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Adriatic Sea, arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. In a section of the Tabula Peutingeriana, an ancient document showing the network of Roman roads, a river in northeastern Italy labeled "fl. This took place during the time of the Roman Republic. Key elements of their work are: Today there is very little evidence of Caesar's historical passage. From it sprang the Roman Empire and the genesis of modern European culture. Governors of Roman provinces were appointed promagistrates with imperium (roughly, "right to command") in one or more provinces. Caesar's decision for swift action forced Pompey, the lawful consuls (C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus), and a large part of the Roman Senate to flee Rome in fear. According to Suetonius, Caesar uttered the famous phrase alea iacta est ("the die is cast"). The Rubicon, like other small rivers of the region, often changed its course during this period.
It is improbable that Caesar deliberately sought monarchical power until after he had crossed the Rubicon in 49 bce, though sufficient power to impose his will, as he was determined to do, proved to mean monarchical power. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. With the revival during the fifteenth century of interest in the topography of ancient Roman Italy, the matter of identifying the Rubicon in the contemporary landscape became a topic of debate among Renaissance humanists. The Via Aemilia (modern SS 9) still follows its original Roman course as it runs between the hills and the plain; it would have been the obvious course to follow as it was the only major Roman road east of the Apennine Mountains leading to and from the Po Valley. Updates?
For other uses, see, A brief account of the controversies favoring rivers of Romagna, between the Pisciatello, called the Rigone in its lowest reaches, the Fiumicino near Savignano and the Uso is in. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. The modern Rubicone (formerly Fiumicino) River is officially identified with the Rubicon that Caesar crossed, but the Pisciatello River to the north and the Uso to the south have also been suggested. Savignano sul Rubicone is an industrial town and the river has become one of the most polluted in the Emilia-Romagna region. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.
As dictator, Caesar presided over the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire. Roman law specified that only the elected magistrates (consuls and praetors) could hold imperium within Italy. However, the river-bed shape observed in Pisciatello and the Rubicone river in the present day, well below Roman-age soil layers, is likely to indicate that any possible course modification of rivers could have occurred only very close to the coastline, and therefore only slight.
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