Sparta, Machatas Proposes Foreign War to Quell Domestic Strife, Flow of the [112] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". [158], Hannibal captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and his army routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the Battle of Ticinus in late November. wishing to indicate the causes that led to the above war between Rome and [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. avowed good-will of the Greeks, but seizing on the pretext that it was his should be viewed as a single whole, with a recognized beginning, a fixed In 151 BC Carthage raised a large army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. [159] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause, and Hannibal's army grew to more than 40,000 men. Raphia, A Year's Truce Between Antiochus and Ptolemy, Agetas Leads the Aetolians Against Mediolanum He tells us how, having acquired a great dominion in Spain, he arrived in [182] By early 215 BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214 BC, 18; and by 213 BC, 22. action plans on which we have decided, by its causes what is most Epirus The previously Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. monarchy. [155][206] In 217 BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were beaten by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the Battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. of Roman power was now complete. [216], Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. Livy gives a fuller record, but according to Goldsworthy "his reliability is often suspect", especially with regard to his descriptions of battles;[note 9] nevertheless his is the best surviving source for this part of the war. [211][215] It was followed by the Roman capture of Gades after the city rebelled against Carthaginian rule. [162][168], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus as dictator. 215, The Necessity of Caution in Dealing with an Enemy, Rome Carthage; how Antiochus and Ptolemy Philopator first quarrelled and at As such, Polybius was allowed to move around relatively freely in his captive state, leading him to learn about Roman history as well as travel with his master during the Punic Wars in which is book Histories is about. River, Embassy from Unvanquished in spirit by the war for Sicily, since he felt that he had The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, favoring Sparta, and also ushered in a period of regional decline that signaled the ...read more, Julius Caesar was a renowned general, politician and scholar in ancient Rome who conquered the vast region of Gaul and helped initiate the end of the Roman Republic when he became dictator of the Roman Empire. Rome, Gallic Settlements In the Valley of the Po, Capture of View a map of the most frequently mentioned places in this document. city the Romans came forward demanding that the Carthaginians should The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. , and Asia Become Interlaced, The Messenians Too Much Inclined to Peace, Restoration of Royalty In Paragraph numbers have been added to this excerpt. Spain, Scipio Suppresses A Mutiny in [207] In 206 BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. -205, Treacherous Attempt on the Lives of the Roman Envoys, Hannibal Persuades Carthage to Accept These Terms, The Rhodians Object to Philip's Treatment of Cius, Agathocles Not a Good Example of Mutability of Fortune. [118], The Mercenary, or Truceless, War began in 241 BC as a dispute over the payment of wages owed to 20,000 foreign soldiers who had fought for Carthage on Sicily during the First Punic War. Of the fact that Hamilcar, although he died ten years before the beginning Polybius is a more reliable source than other ancient historians because he is a primary source as oppose to other historians who were not primary sources. [139][140] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220s BC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221 BC. The particular events comprised in it begin with the [262][263], Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264 to 146 BC, Roman and Carthaginian territorial changes during the Punic Wars. and essential distinction between a beginning and a cause or purpose, According to the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis (c.200-c.118), the First Punic War (264-241) between Carthage and Rome had been "the longest and most severely contested war in history".note[Polybius, World History 1.63.4-5.] Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. translator. But since judgements regarding either the Sicily. Macedonian monarchy. Perseus, acquitting them of the charges brought against them. [230] Over the following 48 years he repeatedly took advantage of Carthage's inability to protect its possessions. Peloponnese, Popularity of Philip In the Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. and Samos, while Antiochus seized on Coele-Syria and Phoenicia. [84][85][86] The invasion initially went well and in 255 BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they fought on. [note 2][9] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions such as the trireme Olympias. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. various peoples in their private and public life. [55] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. of revising the view that Polybius' account was a mechanically constructed patch- work of easily separable material from Philinus and Fabius.s For one thing, Fabius himself probably employed Philinus as a source;6 and in any case Polybius' narrative often contains Punic and Roman traditions in close relation within a single chapter.
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