Due to genetic differences between the fungal populations, it is likely that a second introduction of chestnut blight occurred in Georgia and Azerbaijan in 1938. species. The trees infected with virus-treated fungus responded immediately and began to heal over their cankers. Cankers caused by the fungal infection cause the bark to split. Chestnut blight cankers are characterized by the presence of mycelial fans and fruiting bodies of the pathogen. Bestände der Amerikanischen Kastanie (CASTANEA DENTATA)
The fungal disease has had a devastating economic and social impact on communities in the eastern United States.
Interaktionen zwischen solchen Schadorganismen können sich auf die neu besiedelten Ökosysteme drastisch auswirken, wie ein Beispiel im Verbreitungsgebiet der Edelkastanie zeigt. There has been a small number of subsequent outbreaks in England, including one in South-East London. It has almost wiped out North America's sweet chestnut population.
[27] The first symptom of C. parasitica infection is a small orange-brown area on the tree bark. European countries and regions where it has been confirmed, Sweet chestnut coppice yield (archived publicaton), UK Plant Health Risk Register entry, including pest risk analysis, Anthracnose of plane (Apiognomonia veneta), Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), Bleeding Canker of Horse Chestnut (Pseudomonas syringae pv aesculi), Citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis), Conifer root and butt rot (Heterobasidion annosum), Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma septosporum), Elbow-patch crust of plane (Fomitiporia punctata), Elm yellows (Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi), Emerald ash borer beetle (Agrilus planipennis), Great spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus micans), Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella), Larger eight-toothed European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), Neonectria canker of fir (Neonectria neomacrospora), Oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), Oriental chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), Phytophthora disease of alder (Phytophthora alni), Pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), Pitch canker of pine (Fusarium circinatum), Canker stain of plane (Ceratocystis platani), Red-necked longhorn beetle (Aromia bungii), Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), Sweet chestnut blight - discoveries in Europe, Thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida), Two-spotted oak buprestid (Agrilus biguttatus), Western, eastern and black-headed budworms, Two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus). (PDF, 919.7kB). Abb. Above the girdling canker, leaves wilt and turn brown, but remain hanging on the tree (above). Eigenschaften, Erkennungsmerkmale, Besonderheiten. food web. American Phytopathological Society, APS Press, St. Paul. In the late 1800s, Hicks planted fewer than a dozen chestnuts. To the left is a stroma that contains several perithecia, which bear asci with ascospores inside them. Many of these 15/16 American chestnut hybrids have been planted along the East Coast, including in the Jefferson National Forest and on the Flight 93 National Memorial. ", "Management of Chestnut Blight in Greece Using Hypovirulence and Silvicultural Interventions", American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation - Blight Fungus, Don't Move Firewood - Gallery of Pests: Chestnut Blight, United States National Agricultural Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chestnut_blight&oldid=984797884, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. integrated biocontrol method is developed for widespread application throughout
später gelb-orange bis rot, oft
[34], In addition to biocontrol, chestnut blight can also be managed by sanitation practices and chemical control; however, such management strategies are only feasible on a small scale, such as in an orchard. The bark and wood were rich in tannic acid, which provided tannins for use in the tanning of leather. plans by the American Chestnut Foundation and the Connecticut Agricultural
3). Chestnut blight, plant disease caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly known as Endothia parasitica).
Es muss dabei vermieden werden, dass gesunde Bestände durch befallenes Material oder kontaminierte Schnittwerkzeuge infiziert werden. Dt. strains were first imported from Italy in the 1960s. This means that special regulations apply to importations of sweet chestnut material, including plants, wood and bark, into the UK from other EU Member States and Switzerland. After three back crosses with American chestnut, the remaining genome is approximate 1/16 that of the resistant tree, and 15/16 American.
Read our operational statement about COVID-19, Notifiable – see ‘Report a sighting’ below, Scientific name of causal agent - Cryphonectria parasitica. [40] Government approval will be required before returning any of these blight resistant trees to the wild. In 2019, as part of ongoing surveillance activity by Forestry Commission and APHA, new outbreak sites were detected in London and the English counties of Buckinghamshire, Derbyshire, West Sussex, Devon and Cornwall. In the first half of the 20th century it killed an estimated four billion trees. Übertragen wird der Pilz durch den Wind, Regenspritzwasser, Insekten oder Vögel. [44], Economic effects have also been considerable in Europe, particularly before CHV1 spreads naturally to a region. An Ästen mit Verlichtungserscheinungen und Welkesymptomen sind rindenbrandartige Veränderungen (Nekrosen) festzustellen (Abb. Cryphonectria parasitica (blight of chestnut).
Cryphonectra parasitica originated in eastern Asia, where it occurs on indigenous sweet chestnut species. Last Edited: March 15, 2002, http://www.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/accfhab.html, http://www.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/blight.html, http://www.accf-online.org/Blight/Control/integrat.html, http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/chestnut/top.html, http://fhpr8.srs.fs.fed.us/idotis/diseases/chestnut.html, http://www.news.cornell.edu/Chronicles/12.6.01/chestnut_blight.html, http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/global/sensem/patel297.html, http://www.wisc.edu/botany/fungi/may98.html. [citation needed], There are approximately 2,500 chestnut trees growing on 60 acres near West Salem, Wisconsin, which is the world's largest remaining stand of American chestnut. It should be noted that
It has been widely accepted since that humans brought the disease to the
[5] Once infected, these trees will also exhibit orange bark with cankers. auch auf Kastanie gefunden werden können sind: CRYPHONECTRIA
In Europa verläuft die Krankheit glücklicherweise weniger dramatisch. to tree by small animals and insects, who pick up and thansport the infected
There is a program to bring American chestnut back to the Eastern forest funded by the American Chestnut Foundation, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, USDA Forest Service, West Virginia University, Michigan State University, and Cornell University. C. parasitica infection is usually fatal to European (Castanea sativa) and North American (C. dentata) sweet chestnut trees. The orange fruiting bodies which produce the spores which spread the blight are also visible on the bark. stems, branches and, eventually, twigs. spores from tree cankers on their feet, fur, and feathers. easy, compared to isolating similar genes from plants. Es werden stäbchenförmige, einzellige Konidien (3-5 x 1,2 µm, Abb.
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