apollo 8

Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 had been "A" missions, unmanned tests of the Saturn V launch vehicle using an unmanned Block I production model of the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit. [19], At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, the crew of Apollo 8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational sphere of influence of another celestial body. In the ensuing scramble Anders took the more famous color photo, later picked by Life magazine magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century. During the flight, three fellow astronauts served on the ground as Capsule Communicators (usually referred to as "CAPCOMs") on a rotating schedule. The CAPCOMs were the only people who regularly communicated with the crew. Exactly at the calculated moment, the signal was received from the spacecraft, indicating it was in a 193.3-by-69.5-mile (Template:Convert/round by Template:Convert/round km) orbit about the Moon.[32]. Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders became the first humans in space to lose sight of their home world and gaze upon the lunar farside. circular orbit, 113 kilometers above the surface. The Apollo 8 crew used a 2 kg camera that broadcast in black-and-white only, using a Vidicon tube. [17] Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from December 5 through 11. [32], On Earth, Mission Control continued to wait. At last Anders agreed as long as Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic shots of the Moon. [16] About six minutes later the Command Module was righted into its normal apex-up splashdown orientation by the inflatable bag uprighting system. 'tower clear' call by the LOM (Launch Operations Manager).". [36] Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth. "[48], One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the Earthrise picture that was taken as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon. As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would re-enter two-and-half days after TEI and splashdown in the Pacific. The crew was named Time magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return. The directors for Apollo 8 included Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green team), Glynn Lunney (Black team), and Milton Windler (Maroon team). [14], Dec 21, 1968, 12:51 (UTC): Launch—15:47 (2h56m): Translunar injectionDec 24, 09:59 (2d21h08m): Lunar orbit insertion (10 orbits)Dec 25, 06:10 (3d17h19m): Transearth injectionDec 27, 15:37 (6d02h46m): Reentry—15:51 (6d03h00m): Splashdown.[18]Template:Refn. As it was impossible to get a perfect roll, the spacecraft actually swept out a cone as it rotated. Join fellow space enthusiasts in advancing space science and exploration. On the fourth orbit, [6][9], On September 9, the crew entered the simulators to begin their preparation for the flight. During the [19] It was 43 minutes after splashdown before the first frogman from the USS Yorktown arrived, as the spacecraft had landed before sunrise. [34] Borman saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photo as he did so. Look at that picture over there!” Anders said. [16], This was followed by a Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI) burn of the S-IVB third stage for 318 seconds, accelerating the 63,531 lb (Template:Convert/round kg) spacecraft from an orbital velocity of 25,567 feet per second (Template:Convert/round m/s) to the injection velocity of 35,505 ft/s (Template:Convert/round m/s),[16] which set a record for the highest speed, relative to Earth, that humans had ever traveled. [3] The mission control teams on Earth rotated in three shifts, each led by a flight director. "After the vehicle was released, the noise in the cockpit got very The effect of Apollo 8 can be summed up by a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that simply stated, "Thank you Apollo 8. The Titan II launch vehicle used for the Gemini program had been notoriously rough-riding, and technicians promised the astronauts that the Saturn V, which was designed for the Apollo program rather than adapted from a missile, would have a much smoother ride. [10] There was speculation within NASA and the press that they might be preparing to launch cosmonauts on a similar circumlunar mission before the end of 1968. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. This time, the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens. The Apollo 8 mission proved the performance of the ... 50 years ago, three NASA astronauts embarked on a journey that would take them “Round the moon and back”. Here are instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Apollo 6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe pogo oscillation during its first stage, two second stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight obliquely illuminating the lunar surface. [26], The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second floor control room (there were two identical control rooms in Houston on the second and third floor, only one of which was used during a mission). Located in NASA HQ NASA Kennedy Space Center. Later, Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the computer keyboard. Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin was originally the backup LMP. [25], The first mid-course correction came 11 hours into the flight. [4], Apollo 8 space-flown silver Robbins medallion, The triangular shape of the insignia symbolizes the shape of the Apollo Command Module (CM). Since the Command/Service Module (CSM) would be ready three months before the Lunar Module, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. [46] They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body. [19], By this time, the crew had completely abandoned the planned sleep shifts. Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas, "Appendix A: A.5 Lunar Module Test Article", https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&oldid=17174045, Pages using infobox spaceflight with unknown parameters, Wahana antariksa yang diluncurkan tahun 1968, Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung, Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons. fired their service module engine for 3 minutes, putting Apollo 8 on Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 12 Juli 2020, pukul 07.16. By the end of the mission the crew had taken 700 photographs of the Moon and 150 of the Earth. The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in lunar orbit, with little hope of escape. Earthrise is generally only visible when orbiting the Moon, other than at selected places near the Moon's limb, where libration carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon. NASA estimated the following direct costs for Apollo 8. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the Saturn V rocket and that rocket's first manned launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. [33], As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon, the crew set up the equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface. [31] At 68 hours and 58 minutes, the spacecraft went behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth. It was only 13 hours until they would be in lunar orbit. Full costs of the Apollo program can be found on the "How Much Did the Apollo Program Cost?" Source: "History of Manned Space Flight." The proper operation of the S-IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial: in the last unmanned test, it had failed to re-ignite for TLI.[19]. Apollo 8 was planned as the "D" mission, to test the LM in a low Earth orbit in December 1968 by James McDivitt, David Scott and Russell Schweickart, while Borman's crew would fly the "E" mission, a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo 9, in early 1969. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it. Commander Frank Borman, Pilot Jim Lovell and Bill Anders transmitted a television show while they were in orbit. A film camera had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record a frame every second of the Moon below. [50] It was selected as the first of Life magazine's 100 Photographs That Changed the World. The Apollo 8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the Northern Pacific Ocean. [43] If the computer broke down, Borman would take over. The total was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second. The S-IVB subsequently went into a 0.99-by-0.92-astronomical-unit (Template:Convert/Gm) solar orbit with an inclination of 23.47° from the plane of the ecliptic, and an orbital period of 340.80 days. images of all time. They would now pass 71.7 miles (Template:Convert/round km) from the lunar surface. Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the Prague Spring, Time magazine magazine chose the crew of Apollo 8 as their Men of the Year for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year. The burn occurred exactly on time. second orbit, the rocket’s third stage ignited again, blasting humans At 30,000 feet (Template:Convert/round km) the drogue parachute stabilized the spacecraft and was followed at 10,000 feet (Template:Convert/round km) by the three main parachutes. The transmission lasted 23 minutes. more color shots, the first of which became one of the most famous It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars Rigel and Sirius aligned, and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer. The mission was officially changed from a "D" mission to a "C-Prime" lunar-orbit mission, but was still referred to in press releases as an Earth-orbit mission at Webb's direction. [16] These discussions put the crew an hour behind their flight plan. [16][44], Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world. [14][15], Teams from the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) went to work on the problems. After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in this direction, but at 9 ft/s (Template:Convert/round m/s) instead. [13], The Apollo 8 made a second television broadcast at 55 hours into the flight. The increased cabin space in the Apollo Command Module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness for Borman and, later, astronaut Russell Schweickart during Apollo 9. The crew had to make minor adjustments every half-hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger. [39] This time they gave a tour of the spacecraft, showing how an astronaut lived in space. [35] Due to the synchronous rotation of the Moon about the Earth, Earthrise is not generally visible from the lunar surface. [16] With the computer controlling the descent by changing the attitude of the spacecraft, Apollo 8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean. When they finished broadcasting they found a small present from Deke Slayton in the food locker: a real turkey dinner with stuffing, in the same kind of pack that the troops in Vietnam received. The cruise back to Earth was mostly a time for the crew to relax and monitor the spacecraft. Neil Armstrong went on to command Apollo 11, where Aldrin was returned to the LMP position and Collins was assigned as CMP. [49] This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture whilst actually behind the camera, and it has been credited with a role in inspiring the first Earth Day in 1970.

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